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Enflasyon Liginde İki Basamak Üstümüzde Bulunan Zimbabve - HAKANSEYHAN
Hatalı iktisat politikalarının siyasi istikrarsızlıklarla iç içe geçmiş olduğu ülkede senelik resmi enflasyon oranı %60,74 fakat bu oran önceki yıllara bakılırsa onlar için oldukça düşük.
2021 TÜİK verilerine bakılırsa, Türkiye’de enflasyon, Eylül 2002’den sonrasında ilk kez %35’in üstüne çıktı. %36,08 tüketici enflasyonu ile enflasyon liginde 11. basit 8. sıraya yükseldik.
Ülkelere dair resmi iktisat verilerini derleyen Trading Economics’te yer edinen verilere bakılırsa Venezuela, Sudan, Lübnan, Suriye, Surinam, Zimbabve ve Arjantin’in peşinden Türkiye listede 8. sırada bulunuyor. Türkiye’yi İran ve Etiyopya takip ediyor.
Enflasyon liginde yer edinen Venezuela ve Arjantin’de yaşananları daha ilkin aktarmıştık, Bir de Zimbabve’de neler olup bittiğine göz atalım. İLGİLİ HABER
Sonumuz Benzemesin: Venezuela’da 5 Dolar Maaşla Geçinmeye Çalışan Bir Öğretmenin Anlattığı Kan Donduran Olaylar İLGİLİ HABER
Sonsuz Enflasyonun Yaşandığı ‘Ekonomik Kuzenimiz’ Arjantin’de İnsanların Başına Gelen Olaylar Ülke, enflasyondan ilkin oldukça büyük bir hiperenflasyonla boğuştu. 2008 senesinde fiyatlar her 25 saatte iki katına çıkıyordu.
Hiperenflasyon, fiyat artışlarının süratli bir halde kontrolden çıkmış olduğu aşırı enflasyondur. Merkez bankalarının bir çok, bir ülke için %2 ila %3 içinde bir senelik enflasyon oranını hedeflemektedir. Hiperenflasyon dönemlerinde ise, bir ülke ayda %50 yada daha çok bir enflasyon oranı yaşar.
Zimbabve’de 2000’li yıllarda fiyatlardaki artış giderek hızlandı ve 2008’in Kasım ayına gelindiğinde enflasyon ayda %79.000.000.000 (milyar) şeklinde inanılmaz bir orana yükselmişti.
Dükkanlar günde birkaç kez fiyat değiştiriyordu.
Ekonominin çökmesi insanları su ve elektrik kesintileri, bankalar, benzin istasyonları ve büyük besin sıkıntısı sebebiyle marketler önünde oluşan kuyruklarla yaşamak zorunda bıraktı.
Akaryakıttaki fiyat artışını protesto eden insanoğlu polis tarafınca öldürülebiliyor.
Akaryakıttaki fiyat artışını protesto ederken polis tarafınca öldürülen 22 yaşındaki bir gencin ailesi
Fiyatlardaki acıklı artışa karşı düzenlenen protestolarda güvenlik güçleri minimum bir düzine insanı öldürdü. Üstelik Zimbabve hükûmeti güvenlik güçlerinin tepkisini savundu, muhalefete ve gösterciilere terörist dedi.
2015’te 250.000.000.000.000 (trilyon) Zimbabve doları 1 ABD dolarına eşitti.
Zimbabvelilerin bir kısmı, ABD dolarıyla temel gereksinimlerini alabilmek için Cenup Afrika yada Botsvana’ya geçmeye başladı. Ülkenin ekonomisi artık pratikte Cenup Afrika randı ve ABD dolarıyla dönüyordu.
Bu durum karşısında Zimbabve Merkez Bankası 2009 senesinde Zimbabve parası kullanmayı resmen bırakarak işlemlerini ABD doları ve Cenup Afrika randı üstünden halletmeye başladı. Böylece hiperenflasyon eskiye nazaran düştü fakat hâlâ 6. sırada.
Değersizleştiği için geçerlilikten kaldırılan Zimbabve doları, aradan geçen 10 senenin peşinden 2019’da yine tedavüle sokuldu. Bu yüzden ülkede hiperenflasyonun geri döneceğinden kaygı ediliyor.
Zimbabve bu duruma nasıl geldi?
Zimbabve’nin yüksek enflasyon sürecinin 2007’de başlamasından oldukça ilkin, ülkenin ekonomik sisteminin zor durumda olduğuna dair işaretler esasen açıktı. 1990’larda toprak sahibi olan beyazların mülklerine el konulmasını da kapsayan tartışmalı toprak reformu sonrasında ziraat üretiminde keskin bir düşüş yaşandı.
Toprak reformu girişiminin uygulanması zayıftı ve tarımsal üretim birkaç yıl süresince büyük ziyan oldu. Yiyecek tedarikleri düşüktü ve bu, fiyatların daha da yükselmesine neden oldu.
1997’nin sonlarına doğru, hükûmetin harcama mevzusundaki savurganlığı da iktisat için problem yaratmaya başladı. 2000 senesinde işler daha da kötüleşti. Bunlar haricinde, Zimbabve’nin 1998 senesinde Kongo’daki muharebeye karışmasının mali faturası ve 2002 senesinde Robert Mugabe hükûmetine AB ve ABD tarafınca uygulanan yaptırımlar da eknomiyi fena etkiledi.
Bu ülkenin iki basamak altına kadar yükselen Türkiye’nin senelik enflasyonu, TÜİK’in açıklamış olduğu veriye bakılırsa %36,08 olsa da değişik görüşler de bulunuyor.
Akademisyenlerin ve ekonomistlerin oluşturduğu Enflasyon Araştırma Grubu (ENAG) verilerine bakılırsa enflasyondaki 12 aylık artış %82,81 olarak kaydedildi.
50 milyon+ nüfusu olan ülkeler içinde enflasyonda dünya birincisiyiz. En azından TÜİK ve ENAG bu mevzuda aynı fikir.
Kaynaklar: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
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