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Bitkiler ve Hayvanlar Her Geçen Gün Evrim Geçiriyor - HAKANSEYHAN
İnsanlar benzer biçimde öteki canlı türleri de her geçen gün evrim geçirmeye devam ediyor. Evrim geçirme sebepleri ise çoğunlukla insan faaliyetleri ve çevresel koşullar. Araştırmalar, canlıların büyük bir kısmının varlığını sürdürmek için boyutlarını, şekillerini ve renklerini değiştirdiği gösteriyor.
Charles Darwin, yüzlerce yıl ilkin insanoğlu da dahil tüm canlı türlerinin birkaç ortak atadan evrildiğini öne sürmüş ve o günün şartlarıyla sunabileceği tüm kanıtları sunmuştu. Tüm canlıların evrim geçirdiğini ve geçirmeye devam edeceğini söyleyen Darwin’in fikirleri günümüzde biyolojinin temellerini oluşturuyor.
Değişen iklim ve çevre koşulları tıpkı insanların geçirdiği evrim benzer biçimde öteki canlıları da evrim geçirmeye itiyor. İnsanların geçirdiği evrimi gösteren görsellerde olduğu benzer biçimde nasıl ki bizim görünüşümüz ve davranışlarımız evrim geçirdiyse, aynı durum öteki canlı türlerinde de gerçekleşiyor.
Bitkiler ve hayvanların boyutları, şekilleri ve renkleri değişiyor
Her ne kadar çevremize baktığımızda bir bitkinin bir ay ya da bir yıl içinde bir değişiklik yaşayıp yaşamadığını anlamasak da, değişiyorlar. Meydana getirilen araştırmalara nazaran insan çalışmalarından etkilenen canlı türlerinin fenotipik değişiklik oranlarının, etkilenmeyenlere nazaran daha yüksek olduğu kanıtlandı.
Britanya’nın endüstri bölgelerinde yaşayan biberli güvelerin, kurumla kararmış binalara uyum sağlamak ve yırtıcılardan kaçmak için renklerini normalde olduğundan daha fazlaca kararttığı gözlemlendi. Aynı şekilde Avrupa’dan Şimal ABD’ya getirilen ev serçeleri, yeni evlerine nazaran boyutlarını, şekillerini ve renklerini değiştirdi. Elektrik direklerinin çevresinde yetişen püsküllü saç otlarıysa, direklerin kaplamasında kullanılan ve bitkiler için toksik bir madde olan çinkoya karşı hoşgörü geliştirmeye başladı.
Biyolog Andrew Hendry, somon balığı üstünde emekler yaparken tıpkı bitkilerde olduğu benzer biçimde benzer şekilde süratli değişimler yaşandığını gözlemledi. Hendry’nin gözlemlerine nazaran balıkların boyutları ağlardan kaçmak için git gide küçülmeye başladı. Araştırmaları sonucu bulmuş olduğu süratli evrim örneklerini toplayan Hendry, meslektaşlarının da yardımıyla bir veri tabanı oluşturdu ve insanları bilgilendirmek için ‘1999’ adlı bir yazı yayınladı. Hendry öteki meslektaşlarıyla beraber, daha ilkin hazırlamış olduğu veri tabanına günümüzde 5.000’den fazla örnek ekledi.
Canlı türlerinin çoğunun boyutlarının küçüldüğünü gözlemleyen araştırmacılar, bu değişimlerin çoğunun insanlardan kaynaklandığını sadece gene de bazı türlerde iklim değişikliklerinin de tesiri bulunduğunu belirtiyor. Bazı hayvanlar vücut boyutlarının büyüklüğü sebebiyle daha çok ısıyı tutabiliyor. Değişen iklim koşulları ve artan sıcaklıklar hayvanların ısıyı tutmak için büyük bir vücuda gereksinim duymadıklarını ve boyutlarının küçüldüğünü gösteriyor. Balıklarda ise boyutlarının küçülmesinin sebebi ağlardan daha kolay kaçabilmek. Şartlar ne olursa olsun tüm canlılar çevrelerine uyum sağlamak için değişiklik geçirmeye devamlı devam etti ve hep de edecek sadece açık ki son dönemlerde bu değişiklik artık tüm canlılar için daha süratli gerçekleşiyor.
Kaynak :
https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/02/a-new-database-reveals-how-much-humans-are-messing-with-evolution/
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