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Ekranlar Fotoğraflarda Neden Dalgalı Çıkar? - HAKANSEYHAN
Eminiz ki bu durumun nedenini çocukluğunuzdan bu yana merak ediyorsunuzdur. Artık bu probleminin yanıtını öğrenme zamanı…
Çıplak gözle bakmış olduğunuzda oldukça düzgüsel görünen bir ekran, fotoğrafta bazı sebeplerden dolayı gökkuşağı renklerinde ve dalgalı bir desende görünür.
Bu durum, bazı ekranlarda birazcık daha değişik şekilde karşımıza çıkar. Bilhassa CRT(tüplü olarak malum) monitörlerde “yatay ve kalınca bir çubuk” hızlıca dikine doğru akmaya adım atar (Mor ve Ötesi’nin Bir Derdim Var klibinde olduğu benzer biçimde).
Bu görüntüye yabancı değilsiniz. Gerçekte ve kamerada değişik görünen bir bilgisayar ekranı:
Bunun sebebini açıklamadan ilkin, dijital cihazların ekranlarının emek verme mantığını açıklamamız gerekiyor. Aslına bakarsak dizüstü bilgisayarınızın, monitörünüzün, TV’nizin yada telefonunuzun ekranı devamlı değişmektedir.
Tüm bu cihazların değişik hızlarda bir “yenileme hızı” vardır. Yenileme hızı, cihazın ekranındaki görüntünün saniyede ne sıklıkta değiştiğidir. Bu hız, ekranlara gore farklılık gösterir. Günümüzde çoğu zaman aşağıdaki yenileme hızları kullanılır:
TV’ler: 75Hz-120Hz Bilgisayar monitörleri: 60Hz-360Hz Telefonlar: 50Hz-120Hz Ekranda bir hareketli görüntü gördüğünüzü sanırsınız sadece aslına bakarsak görüntünün kendisi hareket etmez.
Ekranda inanılmaz derecede süratli görünen, sonrasında beyninizin düzelttiği, ekranda bir şeyin hakkaten hareket ettiğini düşündüren fazlaca sayıda kare geçer. Saniyedeki kare hızı ne kadar yüksek olursa hareket de ekranda o denli inandırıcı görünür.
Artık bilgisayar ve TV ekranlarının nasıl çalıştığını bildiğinize gore, kameraların nasıl çalıştığına da bir göz atalım.
Burada “deklanşör(enstantane) hızının” nasıl çalıştığını bilmek gerekiyor. Deklanşör hızı, bir pozlama esnasında deklanşörün açık kalmış olduğu süredir. Kameranızın, o fotoğrafı çekmek için ne kadar vakit harcamış olduğu anlamına gelir. Ne kadar uzun sürerse, fotoğraf o denli bulanık olur (hareketli bir nesnenin fotoğrafını çekmeye çalışıyorsanız).
Bir çok çağıl DSLR ve aynasız fotoğraf makinesi, 1/4000 ile 1/8000 içinde değişen fazlaca süratli bir deklanşör hızına haizdir. Bu, kameranın görüntüyü yakalamasının saniyenin 1/8000’i kadar sürdüğü anlamına gelir.
Şimdi zurnanın zırt söylediği yere gelelim:
Daha ilkin de belirttiğimiz benzer biçimde, TV/bilgisayar ekranınızdaki görüntü devamlı olarak 50Hz ile 360Hz içinde değişmiş olur. Kameralardaki deklanşör hızının nasıl çalıştığından da bahsettik. Şimdi bu detayları bir araya getirdiğimizde beyninizde bir ampul yanacaktır.
Deklanşör hızı düşük tutulan bir kamera, yenileme işleminin ortasında ekranı elde edecektir. Bir ekranın yenileme hızı ne kadar yüksek olursa görüntü o denli muntazam olur.
Mevzuyu bir de telefonlardaki OLED ekranlar üstünden ele alalım:
Bu tip bazı ekranlarda parlaklık, darbe genişlik modülasyonu (PWM) yöntemi kullanılarak ayarlanır. Ekran arka ışığı, yüksek hızda devamlı olarak açılıp kapanır (yukarıdaki örnekte de bahsettiğimiz benzer biçimde).
Örneğin ekran parlaklığı %40’sa arka ışık %40 vazife döngüsüyle çalışır. Bu da ekranın her döngüde %40 parlak bölüm ve %60 koyu bölümle yenilendiği anlamına gelir. Kamera -beynimizin aksine- bu koyu bölümleri algılayabildiği için vizörde yada fotoğraflarda dalgalanma yada çizgiler oluşur.
Ekran parlaklığı %100 olursa parlak bölümler de %100 olacağı için bu mesele yaşanmaz. Bu yüzden telefonun OLED ekranının fotoğrafını çekmeden ilkin ekranı maksimum parlaklığa ayarlayın.
Bu duruma yol açan başka bir fenomenden de bahsetmemiz gerekiyor:
CRT Ekranı
Ekranlar bir px ızgarasıdır. Dijital fotoğraf da piksellerden oluşan bir ızgaradır. Bunlar üst üste vardığında hareli bir desen oluşur.
Bu piksellerden bazıları üst üste gelirken bazıları gelmez. Bu yüzden dalgalar, şeritler oluşur. Tıpkı alttaki ekran fotoğrafında olduğu benzer biçimde:
Aynı efekti, arka arkaya duran iki tane pencere perdesinde de görebilirsiniz. Hatta kazak benzer biçimde bazı giysiler de aynı sebepten dolayı videolarda dalgalı bir halde görünebilir.
Peki filmlerdeki ekranlarda neden bu problemi görmeyiz?
Filmler 24 fps’de çekilir; şu demek oluyor ki bir film izlerken, bir saniyede ekrana yansıtılan 24 hareketsiz görüntü(kare) görürsünüz. Aksiyon filmleri ve video oyunları, hareketin daha da pürüzsüz görünmesini sağlamak için daha yüksek kare hızlarına haizdir.
Ekranın yenileme hızı ve çekim icra eden kameranın deklanşör hızı eşitlenerek filmlerde bu probleminin önüne geçilir. Aynı şekilde siz de bu eşitliği sağlayarak daha iyi fotoğraflar ve videolar çekebilirsiniz. Bilgisayarınızın yada telefonunuzun/kameranızın ayarlar bölümünden bu hızları ayarlayabilirsiniz. Parlaklığı, kontrastı ve mesafeyi ayarlamayı da deneyebilirsiniz.
Kaynaklar: Camera Gurus, Science ABC, WIRED, Consumer Huawei
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