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Fransa'nın En Büyük Pişmanlıklarından: Maginot Hattı - HAKANSEYHAN
Fransa’nın Alman sınırına kurduğu ve 2. Dünya Savaşı’nda ne kadar işlevsiz olduğu ispatlanan Maginot Hattı’nı biliyor musunuz? Alman ordusunun bu hatta asla bakmayarak yanından geçmesinin öyküsünü anlatacağız.
Yakın savaş evveliyatına baktığımızda karşımıza 2 dünya savaşı çıkıyor. 1. Dünya Savaşı; dönemine gore oldukça kanlı bir savaş olsa da 2. Dünya Savaşı vakası bambaşka bir boyuta taşımış, değişen teknolojinin gelişmesi ve kontrolden çıkan komutanların etkisiyle kitlesel yok oluşlara sahne olmuştur. Her iki harpte da kazanan tarafta olan Fransa ise 2. Dünya Savaşı’nda en oldukça yara alan ülkelerden biri. Fransa, Almanya karşısında adeta dağılmış, hiçbir savunma gerçekleştiremeden başkenti işgal edilmişti. Peki Fransa, Almanya karşısında neden bu kadar rahat bir yitik yaşadı.
Fransa’nın aslına bakarsak 2. Dünya Savaşı’na oldukça iyi hazırlandığını, Almanya sınırına devasa bir hat çizdiğini biliyor musunuz? Fransa ve 2. Dünya Savaşı’nın en büyük fiyaskolarından biri olarak kabul edebileceğimiz Maginot Hattı’ ndan bahsediyoruz. Gelin, Fransız askerleri savaş esnasında rahat etsin diye içinde barlar bile bulunan bu 450 km’lik hat neden fiyasko oldu, Almanlar bu hattı nasıl geçti beraber inceleyelim.
Maginot Hattı’nın oluşturulma aşaması
1. Dünya Savaşı bittikten sonrasında kazanan tarafta olan Fransa, Almanya’nın bu savaşla yetinmeyeceğini düşünüyordu. Aslına bakarsak haklılardı da. 1. Dünya Savaşı’na er olarak katılan Fransız devlet adamı André Maginot , büyük bir ısrarla Almanya sınırına çekilecek bir hattın yapımına başlamasını istiyordu. 1920’lerde Savaş Bakanı olan Maginot, bu ısrarını parlamentoya kabul ettirmeyi başardı. Bu hat için büyük uğraşlar verdiği bilinmiş olduğu için de hatta Maginot Hattı denmeye başladı.
1929 ila 1938 yılları aralığında yapımı devam eden bu hat, periyodunun en güncel cephaneleriyle donatılmıştı. 75, 81 ve 135 mm topçu bataryalar ı ile donatılan hat üstünde hususi tank hendekleri, suni su kanalları şeklinde son aşama kuvvetli bir koruma düzeni yapılmıştı. Toplamda 55 milyon ton çeliğin kullanıldığı yapı Fransa’nın savaş bütçesinin büyük bir kısmını direkt sömürmüştü.
Hat, Fransız askerlerini rahat ettirmeyi amaçlıyordu
Fransızların oldukça büyük bir kaynak ayırdığı Maginot Hattı, 450 kilometreyi buluyordu. Hat üstünde kaleler yerleştirilmişti ve hepsi yer altından tünellerle birbirine bağlanmıştı. Lüzumlu cephane da bu tüneller üstünden bir uçtan bir uca oldukça rahat bir halde taşınabiliyordu. Almanlar saldırdığında Fransız askerlerinin rahat etmesi için hat içinde barlar dahi bulunuyordu. Maginot Hattı’na hücum eden Alman askerleri dışarıda savaşın gerçekleriyle yüzleşirken Fransızlar hat içinde sıcak yataklarında yatıp içkilerini yudumlayabileceklerdi.
Maginot Hattı neden işe yaramadı?
Maginot Hattı, teoride son aşama mantıklı bir yapıydı. Almanların Fransa’ya girmesini engelleyebilirdi. Sadece hem yapının tamamlanamamış olması hem de Almanları hafife aldıkları için tamamen işlevsiz bir yapı oldu. Almanya’nın bu hattı geçemeyeceğini, bu sebeple de Hollanda ve Belçika üstünden saldırı başlatacaklarını düşünen Fransızların aklında Belçika ve Hollanda’ya gönderip oradaki mahalli askeri güçle ortaklık oluşturmak vardı.
Bu sayede Fransa sınırına tampon bölge oluşturulacaktı. Bu planda yer edinen tek açık sınırda yer edinen ormanlık bölgeydi. Sık ağaçlar ve ırmakların yer almış olduğu bu bölgeden tank ve topçu birliklerinin geçmesinin olanaksız olduğu düşünülüyordu. Bu ormanlık alandan Almanların büyük bir saldırı gerçekleştirmeleri hiçbir şekilde beklenmiyordu. Sadece hesap edemedikleri birşey vardı.
Savaşın başlarında gücünün zirvesinde olan Hitler, ağaçlık bölgeyi yıkarak ordusunu geçirmeyi başardı. Neticede Hitler’in ordusu hattın karşısına çıkmadığı için Fransa’ya rahatça girmeyi başardı. Tüm savunma kurgusunu hat üstüne icra eden Fransa ise oldukça büyük bir yanlış yaptığının farkına varmıştı. Elbet iş işten çoktan geçmişti. Kısa süre sonrasında Belçika ve Hollanda üstünden de Fransa’ya hücum eden Almanya, ülkenin Paris dahil üçte ikisini işgal etmeyi başardı.
İLGİLİ HABER
Fransa, Kaçak Yapıları Engellemek İçin Google Earth Kullanmaya Başladı Neticede Fransızlar Maginot Hattı’nı geliştirerek oldukça büyük bir hata yaptılar. Amaçlandığı şekilde kullanılamayan hat, Fransa tarihinin en büyük fiyaskolarından biri oldu.
Günümüzde Maginot Hattı ne durumda?
2. Dünya Savaşı’nın en işlevsiz bölgelerinden kabul edilen Maginot Hattı, bir süre daha askeri olarak kullanılmaya başlanmış olsa da Avrupa’daki sulh politikaları ve Fransa’nın ekonomik çöküntü süreci sebebiyle görevden alındı. Bu devasa hat günümüzde gezinsel amaçla kullanılıyor.
Başa dön tuşu