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Hayvan Davranışlarını İnceleyen Bilim Dalı Etoloji Nedir? - HAKANSEYHAN
Sempatik arkadaşlarımızın bazı garip hareketleri neden yaptığını asla düşündünüz mü? Peki ya doğadaki canlıların birbirleriyle nasıl yazışma kurduğunu? Bugün hayvanlar hayatına yakından bakan etoloji bilimine göz atıyoruz.
Bazı karıncalar yuvaları çevresinde döner, arılar kraliçe arıyı takip eder ve birbirlerine dans ederek sinyal gönderir. Filler ise yas meblağ ve cenaze töreni düzenler. Bazı köpekler saldırgandır, kargalar ise oldukca zekidir. Hayvanların kabiliyetlerini ve birbirleri ile olan iletişiminin nasıl meydana geldiğini asla düşündünüz mü?
Bugün insanoğlu arasındaki bilimi bırakıp başka bir bilime doğru, laboratuvardan çıkıp organik yaşamı ziyaret ediyoruz. Biyoloji ana bilim branşının altında zoolojinin bir dalı haline gelen etoloji nedir , neyle ilgilenir bugünkü yazımızın mevzusu.
Etoloji nedir, neyle ilgilenir? Etoloji nedir?
Etoloji, hayvan iletişimi, yırtıcılık, savunma, saldırganlık, çiftleşme, durağan(durgun) fiil kalıpları ve göç dahil olmak suretiyle hayvan davranışlarının çoğunlukla organik koşullarında bilimsel olarak incelenmesidir. Etolojinin mühim bir yönü , içgüdü ile öğrenmeye karşı çalışmasıdır.
Etoloji, çoğu zaman davranışın evrimine odaklanan etologlarla (etoloji ile ilgilenen insanlara verilen unvan) biyolojinin bir parçası olarak kabul edilir. Etoloji, çoğu zaman sahada yürütülmekle beraber, laboratuvarda yada her ikisinin bir kombinasyonu kanalıyla da yürütülebilir. ‘Etograma’ yada hayvan davranış araştırmalarında çoğunlukla kullanılan davranışların açıklamasına haiz olmamız etoloji sayesindedir.
Peki etologlar ne iş yapar, etoloji ne ile ilgilenir?
Evcil hayvan eğitimi Hayvan refahı ve korunması Hayvan karşısında insan güvenliği Ev, tabiat yada laboratuvar ortamlarında hayvanları incelemek Gözlemler ve bulgularla ilgili verileri toplamak ve çözümleme etmek Araştırmalarının neticelerini yayınlamak ve konferanslarda sunmak Halkı hayvanlar ve hayvanlar hakkında eğitmek ve hayvan refahını ve korunmasını teşvik etmek Etoloji oldukca geniş bir emek harcama alanı olduğundan etologlar, üniversite araştırmaları, tarımsal hayvancılık, hayvan eğitimi ve hayvan bakımı da dahil olmak suretiyle herhangi bir sayıda alanda uzmanlaşabilirler. Etolojinin amacı belirli bir hayvan grubunu değil, onların davranışlarını incelemektir ve bir çok kez tek bir davranış kalıbının, mesela saldırganlığın değişik hayvanlarda nasıl ortaya çıktığını araştırır.
Etolojinin zamanı:
Etoloji biyolojinin bir dalı olduğundan, etologlar bilhassa davranışın evrimi ve bunun organik seleksiyon açısından nasıl açıklanabileceği ile ilgilendiler. Bazı yönlerden Charles Darwin, 1872 tarihindeki The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (İnsan ve Hayvanlarda Duyguların İfadesi) adlı kitabıyla sayısız etologu etkileyen ilk modern etologdu. Davranışa olan ilgisini, bilimsel olarak desteklenmeyen anekdot bilişselcilik isminde olan antropomorfik bir yöntem kullanarak hayvanlarda öğrenme ve zeka üstünde çalışan George Romanes’i teşvik ederek sürdürdü.
Etoloji alanının büyümesi II. Dünya Savaşı’na giden yıllarda, Niko Tinbergen ve Konrad Lorenz’in çabaları yardımıyla Avrupa kıtasında gelişmesine dayanır. Savaştan sonrasında, Tinbergen Oxford Üniversitesi’ne taşınmış ve etoloji, Cambridge Üniversitesi Hayvan Davranışları Alt Kısmı’ndeki Robert Hinde, William Thorpe ve Patrick Bateson’ın emek harcamaları yardımıyla Birleşik Krallık’ta yükseliş kazanmıştı. Bununla beraber Etoloji Şimal ABD’da da bu zamanda gelişmeye adım atmıştır.
1972’de İngiliz etolog John H. Crook , önceki etolojinin tamamının karşılaştırmalı etoloji (hayvanları bireyler olarak araştıran bilim dalı) bulunduğunu savunarak karşılaştırmalı etolojiyi toplumsal etolojiden ayırdı; daha sonraki yıllarda hayvanların toplumsal gruplarının davranışları ve altlarındaki toplumsal yapı. E. O. Wilson’ın Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Sosyobiyoloji: Yeni Bireşim) adlı kitabının 1975’te yayınlanmasından bu yana, davranış araştırmaları oldukca daha çok toplumsal unsurlara odaklandı. Bu hem de Wilson’ın, Robert Trivers’ın ve W. D. Hamilton’ın daha kuvvetli fakat oldukca daha incelikli Darwinizm anlayışı tarafınca da körüklenmiştir. Özetle etoloji, davranışsal ekolojinin bağlantılı gelişiminin bir sonucu olarak dönüştürülmüştür.
Netice: Etoloji neden önemlidir?
Yeni bir köpek yavrusu yada kedi yavrusu olan hepimiz, eğitimin zor olabileceğini bilir. Belirli tür ve cinslerdeki hayvanların organik davranışlarını anlayarak, istenen davranışları nasıl teşvik edeceğinizi ve istenmeyenleri nasıl caydıracağınızı daha iyi anlayabilirsiniz. Yavru köpeğinize nasıl oturacağını yada hela eğitimini öğretiyor olun, hayvan davranışları üstüne temel bilgiler sizi oldukca ileriye götürecektir.
Etoloji, savunmasız türleri korumaya çalışan hepimiz için yaşamsal bir alandır. Bir hayvan türünün organik davranışlarını anlarsanız, onları nasıl güvende tutacağınızı da anlarsınız. Mesela, Kaliforniya Akbabası’nın nesli neredeyse tamamen tükenmiştir bu sebeple avcılar onun leş yeme alışkanlıkları hakkında yeterince informasyon sahibi değillerdi ve akbabalar zehirli kurşun mermilerle öldürülen hayvanların leşlerini yiyorlardı. Yabani türlerin davranışlarını idrak etmek, bal arılarından martılara kadar kırılgan hayvan popülasyonlarını korumanıza destek olabilir.
Yazlıkta olduğunuzu düşünün. Refah içinde yürüyüş yaparken asla tehlikeli bir yırtıcı hayvan gördünüz mü? Güvende kalmak ve hayvanı sakin tutmak için nasıl tepki vereceğinizi biliyor musunuz? Temel bir etoloji bilgisine haiz olmak, herhangi bir durumda hayvanlarla karşılaştığınızda güvende kalmanıza destek olabilir. İster bir ayı, ister bir çıngıraklı yılan, ister zehirli bir örümcek görüyor olun her anda etoloji hayatınızı kurtarabilir .
Kaynak :
https://www.masterclass.com/articles/guide-to-ethology-exploring-the-study-of-animal-behavior#why-is-the-study-of-ethology-important
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