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Antik Mısır Heykellerinin Burunları Neden Kırık? - HAKANSEYHAN
Antik Mısır döneminden günümüze gelen heykellerin neredeyse hiçbirinin burnu sağlam değildir. İlk bakışta bu durumun sebebi naturel bir aşınma şeklinde gözkse de gerçek {hiç de} öyleki değil.
İnsanlığın en büyük medeniyetlerinden kabul edilen Antik Mısır denildiğine her ne kadar akla ilk şey heykeller olmasa da, sergilerde ve müzelerde karşımıza en oldukça çıkan dönem eserleri içinde heykeller ve büstler yer ediniyor. Bu heykeller ve büstlerin en belirgin ortak özellikleri içinde ise burunlarının olmaması var.
Bu heykellerin neden burunları olmadığı sorusunun yanıtı ise oldukça garip. Normalde burun yapıları zaman içinde kaybolur gider zira yüz bölgesindeki minik bir çıkıntıdır. Değişik dış etmenler sebebiyle burunlar zaman içinde aşınıp düşebilir, bu yüzden Ege kıyılarımızda bulunan bazı heykeller, bir halde burun başta olmak suretiyle uzuvlarını koruyabildikleri için oldukça değerlidir. Sadece Antik Mısır heykellerinde durum bu şekilde değil, hepsi burunlarını oldukça oldukça uzun vakit ilkin insan eliyle yitirmiş.
Eski firavunların ağzını burnunu kırmak
Dört bin senelik bir kireçtaşı heykelin burnunun düşmesinin düzgüsel bulunduğunu düşünüyorsanız haklısınız. Zira işi bu yapıları incelemek olan pek oldukça Antik Mısır uzmanı da aynı görüşteydi. Brooklyn Müzesi’nin Mısır, Klasik ve Eski Yakın Doğu Koleksiyon Sorumlusu olan Edward Bielberg de neden heykellerin burunları olmadığını ortaya çıkarmak için kolları sıvayana kadar da bu görüş değişmemişti.
Burada Bielberg’in dikkatini çeken ve “burun çıkıntı olduğundan düşer” teorisini sarsan bir nokta var, iki boyutlu kabartmalarda da burun kısmı net bir halde ziyan olmuştur. Bir, iki, beş değil neredeyse her kabartmada da durum budur. Peki bunun sebebi neydi?
Aslına bakarsak günümüzde de örneklerini gördüğümüz ikonoklazma doğrusu ikon düşmanlığı sebebiyle, eski siyasi figürlerin heykelleri ve kabartmaları vandalizme maruz kalıyordu. Örgütlü eylemlerde amaç bilhassa eski firavunların heykel ve kabartmalarının burunlarını kırmaktı. Sebebi ise siyasetti.
Dinin de devletin de başı olmak zor
Antik Mısır hakkında hızlıca bir informasyon vermek gerekirse firavun unvanını taşıyan şahıs hem de seçilmiş bir tanrı olurdu. Haliyle kendi heykellerini ve ikonlarını ülkenin dört bir yanında görmek istemeleri normaldi. Kaldı ki devrin seçkinleri de bu eserlerden evlerinde bulundururlardı. Bu sayede firavun kendi tebaasına enerjisini hatırlatmış olurdu.
O dönemdeki inanışa bakılırsa tanrıların ve insanların görüntülerinin de bir gücü vardı. Bu inanca bakılırsa tanrıların ya da kişilerin özleri, onlar için adanmış olan heykelde yaşayabilirdi. Haliyle heykellerin ritüellerin yapılmasında ve tanrıların beslenip enerjisini korumasında mühim görevi vardı. İkonoklazm eylemleri bu gücü bozmayı amaçlıyordu.
Heykellerin enerjisini tüketmek amaçlanıyordu
İkonoklazm eylemleri heykellerin enerjisini ortadan kaldırmaya yönelikti. Bir firavun öldüğü vakit yerine gelen yenisi, eski yöneticinin heykellerinin burunlarını kırdırarak görüntülerini bozardı. Ek olarak burunların kırılması heykelin “nefes almasını” ve beslenmesini engellerdi. Böylece eserlerin ilahi güçleri de ortadan kalkardı. Bu mantıkla heykellerin sunu alıyorlarsa sağ elleri, bir şey sunuyorlarsa sol elleri kırılarak bu güçleri de yok edilirdi.
İkonoklazma eylemleri yaygın ve sistematikti . Bunu da o devrin metinlerinden anlayabiliyoruz. Pek oldukça yazılı metinde firavunların ve kişilerin kendi tasvirlerine zarar verilmesi mevzusundaki çekincelerini görmek mümkün. Firavunların büyük kısmı, kendi tasvirlerine zarar verenlere korkulu cezalar vereceklerini açıklayan kararnameler yayınlardı.
İkonoklazma cinsiyetçi de olabiliyordu
Bielberg’e bakılırsa esas olarak politik nedenlerle meydana gelen ikonoklazma eylemi, tutkulu yöneticilerin zamanı kendi işlerine geldiği şeklinde yazabilmesine de olanak sağlıyordu. Cinsiyet de ikonoklazmanın şekli ve yoğunluğu mevzusunda etkili olabiliyordu. Antik Mısır’ın hüçlü kraliçelerinden olan Hatşepsut ve Nefertiti’nin mirasları, görsel kültürden büyük oranda silinmişti.
Bu örneklerden Hatşepsut, kocası öldüğü vakit oğlu ile beraber yargı sürmüştü. Oğlu III: Thutmose , anası öldüğü vakit yönetme hakkını kendi soy ağacına taşımak ve oğlu II. Amenhotep’i tahta çıkarmak istedi. Bu yüzden de annesinin tüm heykellerini ortadan kaldırmak için bir organizasyon başlattı.
Bielberg’in görüşüne bakılırsa ikonoklazma eylemleri bir grup bilgisiz köle tarafınca değil, yüksek nitelikli insanoğlu tarafınca yapılıyordu. Belirli heykel parçalarına erişmek ve bu parçaları ortadan kaldırmak kolay bir iş değildi. Informasyon gerektiren bu iş rastlantı eseri olarak gerçekleştirilemezdi.
Başka kültürlerde de ikonoklazma örnekleri var
Aslına bakarsak ikonoklazma günümüzde bile değişik şekillerde devam eden bir uygulama. ABD’nin Irak İşgali esnasında yapmış olduğu ilk şeylerden biri Saddam heykellerini devirmek ya da devirtmek olmuştu. Böylece Saddam otoritesine ilişkin semboller yıkılarak topluma bildiri veriliyordu.
Antik Yunan döneminden kalma bir Afrodit heykelinin ise ikonoklazma örneği olarak bozulmuş olduğu oldukça açık. Heykelin kırık parçalarına ek olarak alnına da bir haç kazınmış olması bu işi kimin yaptığına dair oldukça net bir düşünce veriyor.
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