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Rutherford Atom Modeli Nedir? Özellikleri ve Eksiklikleri - HAKANSEYHAN
Binlerce senedir bilim adamları uzay şeklinde büyük ve atom şeklinde minik şeyler üstüne düşünerek emek harcamalar yapıyorlar. Seneler süresince atom incelenerek oluşturulan modellerden biri de Rutherford atom modelidir. Eksiği, hatası ve gezegenleri andırmasıyla Rutherford atom modeli nedir, özellikleri nedir gelin yakından bakalım.
İnsanlık var olduğu günden beri görmüş olduğu ve hatta görmediği fakat var bulunduğunu hissettiği şeyleri çözmeye çalışır. Gördüklerimizi ve gördüğümüz büyük şeyleri doğrusu uzayı anlamlandırmaya başlarken bazı bilim adamları ve felsefeciler göremediğimiz kadar minik şeylere odaklandılar. Buradaki yazımızda detaylarıyla anlattığımız şeklinde bu minik şeyler atomlardı ve atomlar hakkında ilk düşünceler milattan ilkin 5. yüzyılda başladı.
Binlerce yıl süresince pek oldukça değişik bilim insanı ve felsefeci, kendilerine nazaran atom modelleri geliştirdi. Şüphesiz eksiklikleri olsa da bunlardan en ilginci Rutherford atom modelidir. Bundan dolayı bu model, Dünyamızın da içinde bulunmuş olduğu Güneş sistemine bir fazlaca benziyor. Gelin Rutherford atom modeli nedir birazcık daha yakından inceleyerek özelliklerini ve eksikliklerini görelim.
Rutherford atom modeli nedir? Rutherford atom modeli, 1911 senesinde Yeni Zelandalı – İngiliz deneysel fizikçi Ernest Rutherford tarafınca ortaya atılan bir fizyolojik bir atom modelidir. 1908 Nobel Kimya Ödülü sahibi olan Rutherford, uyguladığı gözlem neticeleri üstünde yapmış olduğu incelemeler neticesinde atom hakkında bu fizyolojik modeli ortaya çıkarmıştır.
Ernest Rutherford ile aynı dönem pek oldukça bilim insanı atom üstüne çalışmış ve değişik atom modelleri ortaya koymuştur. Rutherford atom modelinin de benzer modeller şeklinde oldukça eksiği vardır sadece kabul etmek gerekiyor ki Rutherford atom modeli, Bohr atom modelinin ve Çağıl Atom Teorisinin temellerini atmıştır.
Rutherford atom modeli nasıl ortaya çıktı?
Aslına bakarsan senelerdir atom üstüne emek harcamalar meydana getiren Ernest Rutherford, bigün yeni bir gözlem daha hayata geçirmeye karar verdi. Bu deneyde Rutherford, bir tabakaya tanecikler gönderecek ve hareketlerini gözlemleyecekti. Bu deneyde kullanılacak katman altın, tanecikler ise pozitif yüklü olacaktı.
Gözlem günü geldiği süre Rutherford, arkasına film yerleştirilmiş altın bir katman hazırladı. He+2 olarak gösterilen +2 pozitif yüklü alfa tanecikleri bu tabakaya doğru gönderdi. Işınlar levhaya çarptıkça Ernest Rutherford izledikleri yolu ve çarpma etkilerini inceledi. İncelemeler sonucu elde etmiş olduğu veriler ilginçti ve ortaya Rutherford atom modeli çıktı.
Rutherford atom modeli özellikleri:
Ernest Rutherford, yapmış olduğu gözlem sonucu atomun çapını o döneme nazaran oldukça azca kabul edilecek bir farkla hesaplamayı başardı. Altın tabakaya gönderilen 22 bin pozitif yüklü alfa tanecikten sapan yalnızca biriydi. Sapma olması düzgüsel kabul ediliyor zira 20. yüzyılın ilk yıllarından bahsediyoruz.
Ernest Rutherford gözlemleri sonucu atomun tıpkı Güneş Sistemi şeklinde olduğu iddasını ortaya attı. Buna nazaran atomun çekirdeği pozitif proton yüklüydü ve negatif elektronlar tıpkı Güneş çevresinde dönen gezegenler şeklinde bu çekirdeğin çevresinde dönüyorlardı. Rutherford buna nazaran bazı bulgulara ulaştı;
Altın tabakaya gönderilen ışınların büyük bir kısmı direkt olarak geçmiş olduğu için atomda büyük boşluklar vardır. Işınların minik bir kısmı kırıldığı ve yansıdığı için atomdaki pozitif yükler çekirdekte toplanmıştır. Yükün büyüğü çekirdekte olduğundan atom hacmi de çekirdekte toplanmıştır. Her bir atomda ne kadar pozitif tanecik var ise o denli da negatif tanecik vardır. Pozitif tanecikler çekirdekte toplanmıştır, elektronlar ise çekirdek çevresinde dönmektedir. Elektronlar tek bir noktada toplanmadıkları için atom hacminin büyük biri bölümünü kaplarlar. Rutherford atom modelinin eksiklikleri:
Rutherford atom modeli, dönemine nazaran oldukça başarı göstermiş bir fizyolojik model ortaya koydu. Hatta pek oldukça modele de esin oldu sadece maalesef atomun mühim yapı taşlarından olan nötronu içermiyordu. Aynı şekilde elektronların hareketlerini de doğru bir halde açıklayamamıştı. Basitçe, Güneş Sistemi’nin bir atomda da geçerli bulunduğunu ortaya atmıştır.
Rutherford atom modelinden esin alan Bohr atom modeli:
Bohr atom modeli, Rutherford atom modeli ile aynı yıl 1911’de; 1922 senesinde Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi olacak olan Danimarkalı fizikçi Niels Henrik David Bohr tarafınca ortaya atılmıştır. Rutherford atom modeli ve öncesinde ortaya atılan teorilerden değişik olarak Bohr, atom içindeki elektronların hareketini inceledi ve açıkladı. Bohr atom modeline nazaran;
Çekirdekten belirli uzaklıktaki bir mesafede hareket eden elektronların kesin halinin durağan(durgun) bir enerjisi vardır. Elektronların kesin hareketi dairesel bir yörünge çizer. Emin halde bulunan elektron, ışınım yaymaz. Yüksek enerji seviyesinden düşük enerji seviyesine düşen bir elektron, değişen düzey farkına eşit bir ışık kuantı yayar. Bohr atom modelinin eksiklikleri şu şekilde; Atoma yalnızca klasik fizik çerçevesinden yaklaşmıştır. Yalnızca tek elektronlu atomları açıklayabilir. Dalga – parçacık ikiliğini göz ardı etmiştir. Heisenberg belirsizlik ilkesine nazaran elektronların oluşturduğunu iddia etmiş olduğu yörünge tanımı yanlıştır. Nötrondan bahsetmez. Atom ve molekül arası bağları açıklamak için yetersizdir. Bugün bakınca eleştirmek kolay olsa da süreci için oldukça başarı göstermiş kabul edilen Rutherford atom modeli nedir, hangi özellikleri ile öne çıkıyor ve eksiklikleri nedir şeklinde dört gözle beklenen soruları yanıtladık. Tamamlanmamış de olsa çalışmalarıyla bugünün bilim dünyasını şekillendiren tüm bilim insanlarını saygıyla analım.
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