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Osmanlı’da Yeniçeri Ocağı Neden Kaldırıldı, Neticeleri Neler? - HAKANSEYHAN
Yüzlerce senelik Osmanlı İmparatorluğu tarihinde pek fazlaca vaka olmuştur sadece şüphesiz en önemlilerinden biri Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın kaldırıldığı Olay-i Hayriye şu demek oluyor ki Hayırlı Vaka hadisesidir. Padişah II. Mahmut döneminde gerçekleşen Olay-i Hayriye olayının nedenlerine ve sonuçlarına gelin yakından bakalım.
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu yüzlerce yıl dünyanın dört bir köşesinde yargı sürmüş ve adını tarihe altın harflerle yazdırmıştır. Asırlar süresince yargı devam eden bu imparatorlukta hem dünyayı hem de iç düzeni etkileyen pek fazlaca vaka yaşanmıştır. Bunlardan en önemlilerinden biri ise Olay-i Hayriye şu demek oluyor ki Hayırlı Vaka’dır. Olay-i Hayriye ile Yeniçeri Ocağı tamamen kaldırılmış ve yerine fazlaca daha çağdaş ve tertipli bir ordu kurulmuştur.
Peki, yüzlerce yıl süresince başarıyla hizmet veren ve kahramanlıklarıyla andığımız Yeniçeri Ocağı neden bir günde ortadan kaldırıldı? Olay-i Hayriye olayının yaşanmasının tek sebebi yeniçerilerdir şu sebeple o dönem ocak, bildiğimiz şaşalı günlerinden epey uzaklaşmıştı. II. Mahmut döneminde yaşanmış olan ve Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın kaldırılması ile sonuçlanan Olay-i Hayriye hadisesinin nedenlerine ve sonuçlarına gelin yakından bakalım.
Yeniçeri Ocağı denetim edilemez hale gelmişti:
Bugün yeniçeri dediğimiz vakit aklımıza bir tokatla adam öldüren kuvvetli, yiğit, ahlaklı Türk askerleri geliyor. Öyleki sadece Olay-i Hayriye olayının yaşandığı 1826 tarihinde Yeniçeri Ocağı üyeleri bir ihtimal güçlüydü fakat ahlaklı değildi. Halka ve esnafa kan kusturuyor, akıllarına geleni yapıyor ve daha da korkuncu hangi padişahın tahta çıkacağına bile karışıyorlardı.
Son olarak Yeniçeri Ocağı, II. Mahmut’un babası Sultan III. Selim’i öldürmüştü. II. Mahmut bu yüzden aslına bakarsan ocağa kin duyuyordu. Sadece acil etmedi. Tahta çıktıktan sonrasında tam 17 yıl bekledi. Kendinden ilkin de süregelen çağdaş ordu çalışmalarını artık nihayete erdirmeye ve bu zıvanadan çıkmış yeniçerileri alaşağı etmeye hazırdı.
Yeniçeri kazan kaldırıyor:
25 Mayıs 1825 tarihinde Sultan II. Mahmut tarafınca bir buyrultu gösterildi. Buna bakılırsa Eşkinci Ocağı isminde yeni ve fazlaca daha çağdaş bir askeri birlik kurulacaktı. Dileyen yeniçeri de gönüllü olarak bu ocağa katılacaktı. Elbet beklenen oldu ve yeniçeri 14 Haziran akşamı isyan etti. Öldürülmekten son anda kurtulan Yeniçeri Ağası Celaleddin Ağa, durumu padişaha bildirdi.
15 Haziran 1826 gününün sabah saatlerinde yeniçeri At Meydanı’na indi ve kazanları ortaya bıraktı. Padişaha isyan anlamına gelen bu harekette yeniçerilerin tek bir sloganı vardı, ‘İstemezük!’. Normalde bu şekilde bir vaka padişahın tahttan inmesi ve öteki yöneticilerin öldürülmesi ile sonuçlanır. Sadece II. Mahmut bu isyana hazırdı.
Olay-i Hayriye başlıyor:
Şeyhülislam Tahir Efendi, yanında 3500 ulema ile meydana indi. Yeniçeri ulemayı ikna ederse isyan başarıya ulaşacaktı sadece ikna olmadılar. O sırada II. Mahmut sancak-ı şerif çıkarmıştı. Bunun anlamı, padişahın halkı çağırıyor olmasıydı. O güne kadar görülmemiş bir kalabalık, hatta tarihte ilk kez kadınlar bile sokağa çıktı.
Sadrazam Benderli Selim Paşa, Ağa Hüseyin ve İzzet Paşa, padişahın direktifiyle at meydanını kuşattı. Yüzbaşı Karacehennem İbrahim Ağa tarafınca tarihte ilk kez isyancı yeniçerilerin üstüne yağmur benzer biçimde top atışı başladı. Yeniçeri kışlasına firar etti sadece bu iş burada bitmeyecekti.
Top atışının hedefi bu sefer kışla oldu ve kapılar paramparça edildi. Padişahın askerleri içeri girdi. Bu da tarihte ilk kez oluyordu şu sebeple yeniçeri kışlasına o şekilde kolay kolay girilmezdi. O gün akşama kadar 6 binden fazla yeniçeri öldürüldü. Günler süresince yeniçeri avı devam etti. Olay-i Hayriye hadisesi sonucunda toplam 40 binden fazla yeniçerinin öldürülmüş olduğu düşünülüyor.
Olay-i Hayriye neticeleri:
Padişah II. Mahmut sonunda başarmış ve atalarının seneler süresince uğraşıp da kazanamadığı bir zafer elde ederek bozguncu Yeniçeri Ocağı’nı tamamen ortadan kaldırmıştır. Olay-i Hayriye tüm dünyada büyük ses getirdi. Hatta pek fazlaca elçi, hükümdarlarının tebriklerini sunmak için sultanın huzuruna çıktı.
Peki, koca Osmanlı İmparatorluğu askersiz mi kaldı? Asla kalır mı, aslına bakarsan senelerdir üstünde çalışılan çağdaş ordu emekleri hız kazanmıştır. Asâkir-i Mansûre-i Muhammediyye isminde yepyeni ve çağdaş bir ordu kurularak yüzlerce senelik imparatorluğun çağdaş askeri dünyaya uyum sağlama emekleri başlamış oldu.
Olay-i Hayriye neden mühim?
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu geçmişine baktığımız vakit bazı yükseliş dönemleri haricinde Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın sürekli hem halka hem de saraya güçlük çıkardığını görürüz. Esnafa ve halka eziyet ediyor, istedikleri padişah ya da vezir göreve gelmezse isyan ederek mevcud yöneticileri öldürüyorlardı.
Senelerdir çağdaş ordu emekleri yapılmasının da sebebi buydu. Koskoca imparatorluğu bir avuç ceberrüt asker yönetemezdi. Bu açıdan bakarsak Olay-i Hayriye vakası, imparatorluğun sivilleşmeye başladığı dönemdir demek yanlış olmaz. Geçmişin pasını taşıyan Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın kaldırılması, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun çağdaş dünyaya uyum çabasını da gösterir.
II. Mahmut döneminde Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın kaldırılarak çağdaş ordunun kurulması ile sonuçlanan Olay-i Hayriye hadisesi nedir, sebepleri ve neticeleri nedir benzer biçimde dört gözle beklenen soruları yanıtladık. Olay-i Hayriye vakası ile alakalı düşüncelerinizi yorumlarda paylaşabilirsiniz.
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