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Ozon Tabakası Neden Antarktika'nın Üstünde Deliniyor? - HAKANSEYHAN
Güneş’in zararı dokunan ışınlarına karşı bizi sakınan ozon tabakası neden zararı dokunan maddelerin yayılmış olduğu Şimal Yarım Küre’den değil de Cenup Yarım Küre’de olan Antarktika’nın üstünde deliniyor?
Güneş her ne kadar bizlere yaşamı sunsa da bunu tek başına yapmıyor. Sıcaklığı ve enerjisiyle her insanın oldukca sevilmiş olduğu Güneş, aslına bakarsak Dünya tarafınca dizginlendiğinde bizlere yaşamı sunabilir. Eğer Dünya’mız ve atmosferi Güneş’in ışınlarına karşı bir koruma sağlayamasaydı ciddi sıkıntılar bizi bekliyor olurdu.(Ya da olmazdı bu sebeple ikimiz de olmazdık.) Peki Dünya bunu nasıl yapıyor asla düşündünüz mü? Dünya’mızın atmosferindeki stratosfer tabakasının bir kısmı olan ozon tabakası, biz dahil neredeyse Dünya üstündeki tüm yaşamı Güneş’in tehlikeli ultraviyole ışınlarına karşı koruyor.
Kafamızın üstünde ozon tabakasının olması rahatlatıcı olsa da aslına bakarsak her yıl ozon tabakasının üstünde bir delik açılıyor. İnsan kaynaklı oluşan ve 1987 senesinde Montreal Protokolü yardımıyla tedbir alınmaya başlanan ozon tabakasındaki delik , senenin belirli bir döneminde milyonlarca kilometrekarelik boyutlarda deliniyor. Ortalama 30 Türkiye boyutunda olan bu delik her yıl Antarktika üstünde oluşuyor. Bu detayları öğrendiğimize nazaran kendimize şu suali sorabiliriz: “Ozon deliği neden Şimal Kutbu ya da Avrupa’da değil de Antarktika’nın üstünde oluşuyor? ” Bugün sizlere tam olarak bu probleminin yanıtını vereceğiz.
Aslolan sorumuza geçmeden ilkin: Ozon tabakası neden deliniyor?
Ozon tabakasındaki delik aslına bakarsak naturel süreçler sebebiyle de oluşabilir sadece deliğin bu denli büyük olmasının aslolan sorumlusu biz insanlarız. İnsanlar tarafınca kullanılan klor ve brom maddeleri ozon molekülleri ile tepkimeye girerek aslına bakarsak bizi sakınan molekülleri ayrıştırıyorlar. Bu da ozon tabakasında bir incelme, dolayısıyla da bir delik oluşturuyor.
İnsan nüfusunun yoğunlukta olduğu Şimal Yarım Küre’den yayılan bu elementler, son aşama emin yapıya sahipler. Gaz formunda olmalarının yanında uzun ve değişik şartlarda dahi yapılarını koruyabildikleri için kolaylıkla stratosfer tabakasına ulaşabiliyorlar. Buradan da uzun mesafelere ulaşabiliyorlar. Normal olarak bu yolculukları esnasında klor ve brom şeklinde elementlerin Antarktika ‘ya ulaştığını görüyoruz.
Ozon tabakası neden Avrupa’da yada herhangi bir yerde değil de Antarktika’nın üstünde deliniyor?
Ozon tabakasının Antarktika üstünde delik oluşturmasının sebebi, kutup bölgelerindeki stratosferik bulutların kimyasal tepkimeler için uygun bir ortam sağlamasından kaynaklanıyor. Ozon molekülleriyle tepkimeye girmeye başlamış olan klor, brom şeklinde elementler, stratosferik bulutların içinde katı ve sıvı tanecikler oluşmasına neden oluyor. Normal olarak bu durum da tek başına bir yanıt değil. Bundan dolayı Antarktika’daki koşulların bir benzeri de Şimal Kutbu’nda var sadece burada o şekilde bir şey yaşanmıyor. Buradaki sebep ise stratosferik bulutların olaşabilmesi için lüzumlu ısı derecesine ulaşılamaması.
Stratosferik bulutların oluşması için hava sıcaklığının -78 santigrat derecenin altına düşmesi gerekiyor. Antarktika’da günlük sıcaklıklar -90 santigrat dereceye kadar düşebiliyor. Bu da bulutların oluşması için kafi bir ısı. Şimal Kutbu’nda ise bu düşüş genel anlamda -80 santigrat derecelerde kalıyor. Bu düşüşü devamlı tutamayan Şimal Kutbu’nda bir çok vakit stratosferik bulutların oluşması için lüzumlu olan -78 santigrat derecelik sıcaklıklar görülemiyor. Bu sayede ozon tabakası delikleri şimal kutbu bölgesinde oldukca ufak oranlarda oluyor. Antarktika ise bilhassa kış ve ilkbahar dönemlerinde kolaylıkla -78 santigrat derecenin altına inebiliyor.
Ozon tabakasının delinmesine karşı nasıl bir tedbir alıyoruz?
Ozon moleküllerine zarar veren klor ve brom şeklinde elementler, insanoğlu tarafınca kullanılan bazı kimyasal bileşiklerde kullanılabiliyor. Bilhassa 1987 yılına kadar deodorant, buzdolabı şeklinde ürünlerde yoğun bir halde kullanılan ozon katili elementler , 1987’de yürürlüğe giren internasyonal antak kalma ile bir miktar dizginlendi. Klor ve brom şeklinde elementlerin kullanımının azaltılması için anlaşan 197 ülke, bununla beraber dünya üstündeki en başarı göstermiş çevre koruma anlaşmalarından birini yapmış oldular.
Montreal Protokolü gereğince ülkelerin ozon tabakasına zarar veren 96 kimyasalı aşamalı olarak kaldırması için bir vakit çizelgesi bulunuyor. Buna nazaran gelişmiş ülkeler 2036 yılına kadar bu kimyasalların kullanımını yüzde 86 oranında düşürecekken gelişmekte olan ülkeler ise 2045 yılına kadar ozon deliğine neden olan kimyasalları yüzde 80 oranında azaltacak. Hala devam etmekte olan bu azaltma emin bir halde devam ediyor. 1970’li yıllarda kontrolden çıkması öngörülen ozon deliğinin günümüzde denetim altında tutulduğunu söyleyebiliriz. Meydana getirilen araştırmalara nazaran 1980 yılındaki seviyelere ulaşılabilmesi için 2060 yılına kadar emin bir ilerleme gerekiyor.
İLGİLİ HABER
Yıkım Adım Adım Yaklaşıyor: Ozon Tabakasındaki Delik, Antarktika’nın Tamamından Daha Büyük Hâle Geldi Bugün sizlere ozon tabakasındaki deliğin neden Antarktika üstünde bulunduğunu açıkladık. Bu biçim içeriklerimizin devamının gelmesini istiyorsanız bizlere yorumlar kısmında yazabilirsiniz.
Kaynaklar: NASA, AUSTRALIAN ANTARCTIC PROGRAM, CSI, Earth, TÜBİTAK
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