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Uçağı Kim, Ne Süre İcat Etti? - HAKANSEYHAN
Wright Kardeşler adıyla anılan Orville Wright ve Wilbur Wright’ın uçağı buluş etmiş olduğu kabul ediliyor. Alberto Santos-Dumont adını asla duydunuz mu? Pek fazlaca kişiye bakılırsa uçağın mucidi Santos-Dumont’tur. Peki gerçek ne, uçağı kim buluş etti? Uçağın icadının tarihsel yolculuğuna gelin yakından bakalım.
2016 senesinde Brezilya’nın Rio kentinde meydana getirilen olimpiyatların açılış seremonisinde eski tip tek motorlu bir tayyare uçuruldu ve Brezilyalı Alberto Santos-Dumont uçağın mucidi olarak anıldı. Nasıl? Uçağı Wright Kardeşler adıyla anılan Amerikalı Orville Wright ve Wilbur Wright buluş etmemiş miydi? Bugün uçağı kim buluş etti diye sorsanız Amerikalılar başka, Avrupalı ve Latin Amerikalılar ise başka bir cevap verirler.
Mevzu Edison – Tesla olayından birazcık daha karmaşık bu sebeple bu aşamada tartışılan uçağın tanımı. Kimi uzmanlar Wright Kardeşler’in kendi başına uçan bir taşıt üretmediklerini, desteksiz çalışan ilk uçağın Santos-Dumont tarafınca yapıldığını söylüyorlar. Ayrıca bir de Gustave Whitehead adı var ki ortalığı iyice karıştırıyor. Gelin uçağı kim buluş etti sorusunu yanıtlamaya çalışalım.
Wright Kardeşler’in uçağı:
Wright Kardeşler adıyla anılan Orville Wright 1878 – 1948 tarihleri içinde, Wilbur Wright 1867 – 1912 tarihleri içinde yaşamış havacı icat eden kardeşlerdir. Wright Kardeşler tarafınca meydana getirilen tayyare ilk kez 17 Aralık 1903 tarihinde saat 10.35’te ABD Birleşik Devletleri’nin Şimal Karolina Eyaleti’nin Kitty Hawk kasabası tanıdığından havalandı.
Wright Kardeşler’in uçağı ilk denemede havada 12 saniyede kaldı ve 37 metre mesafe katetti. İki pervaneli olan bu uçağın kısa süre bile olsa havada kalması sebebiyle Wright Kardeşler ilk motorlu uçağın mucitleri olarak kabul edildiler. Sadece bu durumu hepimiz kabul etmedi bu sebeple bu uçuş devamlı birazcık şüpheli görüldü.
Alberto Santos-Dumont’un uçağı:
1873 – 1932 yılları aralığında yaşamış olan Brezilyalı Alberto Santos-Dumont, kendini havacılığa adamış ve yaşamının büyük bir bölümünü Fransa’nın başkenti Paris’te geçirmiştir. Hemen hemen uçaklar ortada yokken Santos-Dumont sıcak hava balonları ve erken dönem zeplinler buluş ederek gökyüzünü keşfe başlamıştı.
Takvimler 23 Ekim 1906 tarihini gösterdiği vakit 14-bis adlı, Aro Club de France ve Fédération Aéronautique Internationale tarafınca onaylanmış ilk motorlu uçağı havalandırdı. 14-bis, yerden ortalama 5 metre havalandı ve ortalama 60 metre mesafe katetti. 25 metreden uzun uçan ilk tayyare olarak kabul edilerek Deutsch-Archdeacon Ödülü’ne bile layık görüldü.
Münakaşa nerede başlıyor?
Görüldüğü suretiyle Wright Kardeşler, Santos-Dumont’tan seneler önde uçmuşlar ve hatta hava epey kalmışlar. Peki problem ne? Mesele şu ki kimse Wright Kardeşler’in ilk denemesini görmedi. Santos-Dumont ise bu denemeyi halka açık bir halde yaparak her insana uçağın mucidi bulunduğunu duyurdu.
Brezilyalı fizikçi Henrique Lins de Barros, Wright Kardeşler’in yapmış olduğu uçağın uçmadığını, yalnızca uzun mesafeli bir sıçrama yaptığını söylüyor. Brezilyalı uzmanların iddialarına bakılırsa Wright Kardeşler’in uçağı bir ray, mancınık ya da eğim benzeri bir yardım ile havalandı. Doğrusu kendi başına uçan bir makineden söz etmek mümkün değil diyorlar.
Santos-Dumont tarafınca meydana getirilen tayyare kendi başına havalandı, planlandığı süre havada kaldı ve kontrollü bir halde yere indi. Wright Kardeşler’in uçağı ise bir halde havalandı, süzüldü ve bir halde yere indi. Washington Ulusal Hava ve Uzay Müzesi Havacılık Kısmı Başkanı Peter Jakab, bu iddiaları yalanlayarak havada bir dakikaya yakın kalan bir uçağın kendi gücü olmadan bu başarıyı yakalayamayacağını söylüyor.
Peki ya Gustave Whitehead?
Gustave Whitehead, 1874 – 1927 yılları aralığında yaşamış Alman asıllı bir Amerikalıdır. Whitehead yaşamı süresince motorlar, planörler ve pek fazlaca değişik uçan makine buluş etmiştir. Kendisi Wright Kardeşler’den seneler ilkin tek motorlu bir uçakla uçtuğunu iddia etmiştir.
Gustave Whitehead’ın bu iddiaları sadece 1935 senesinde ciddiye alındı ve araştırılmaya başladı. O günden günümüze kadar mevzu hakkında onlarca değişik araştırma ve araştırma yapılarak kitaplaştırıldı. Son olarak 24 Ekim 2013 tarihinde 38 hava tarihçisinin ortak açıklaması ile Gustave Whitehead’ın iddiaları yalanlandı.
Uçağı kim, ne vakit buluş etti?
Maalesef uçağı kimin, ne vakit buluş ettiğini kati olarak söylemek mümkün değil. Bu sebeple icatlar böyledir. Aynı dönem, dünyanın değişik noktalarındaki insanoğlu benzer şeyler düşünürler ve ortaya bazı ürünler koyarlar. Netice olarak kimse kolay kolay bu benim icadımdır diyemez. Resmi kayıtlar ise Wright Kardeşler’i yazar.
Mevzuyu daha da garip hale getiren, Wright Kardeşler’in ilk pilot lisansına haiz kişiler olmamalarıdır. ABD Birleşik Devletleri’nin ilk resmi uçusu 4 Haziran 1908 tarihinde Kanadalı Glenn H. Curtis tarafınca June Bug isminde olan ve dışarıdan yardım almadan havalanan bir uçakla yapılmıştır. Glenn H. Curtis 1, Wright Kardeşler ise 4 ve 5 numaralı pilot lisansının sahibidir.
Mevzuya objektif bir halde yaklaşmak gerekirse Gustave Whitehead’in emekleri Wright Kardeşler’e esin vermiş ve Alberto Santos-Dumont başarıya ulaşmış bir prototip yaparak Glenn H. Curtis’in ilk resmi uçuşu yapmasını elde etmiştir. Bizlere kalan ise bu aydınlık zihinlere saygı duruşunda bulunmak olmuştur.
Bugünün olmazsa olmaz ulaşım aracı olan uçağı kim, ne vakit buluş etti sorularını yanıtladık ve havacılık evveliyatına imza atan bazı mühim adlardan bahsettik. Sizce uçağı kim buluş etti? Mevzu ile alakalı düşüncelerinizi yorumlarda paylaşabilirsiniz.
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